what is chondro positive in cattle

Breeding to another carrier will produce 25% affected calves. Thor Panlander Jet Li x Highland That should be enough to give you a few glasses of milk to drink, some butter and cheese per week, and even a little milk leftover for some neighbors. There is no safe way to breed this mutated gene, and it holds no benefit to the breed. A Dexter with one chondrodysplasia allele is called a car In addition, they tour the farm to establish the level of risk for BVD, they develop a farm management plan to control and prevent the disease, and they establish a system to monitor the success of the program. Thischondrogene is different from a typical "dwarf gene" which often comes with health issues unless you breed carrier to carrier. They can be very playful when they are young but often grow into a more mature and loving companion. Use tab to navigate through the menu items. 3 0 obj Cranio-: The bony vault that protects the brain is known as the cranium, which is the top portion of the skull. This cow is only about 37" tall. If the blockchain is that popular with high costs, how popular would . Much like the Panda cow, the Jersey cow is hard to find. Thats about the size of most yards nowadays. Maintain a closed herd, if possible. Dexter breeders have been genetically testing their stock for decades. Colostral antibodies may neutralize enough of the virus in a persistently infected calf to render a false negative result. Until very recently, owners continued to breed both ways, with only the shortleg considered the real Dexter, and many (most) of the longlegs discarded. Does not have the Dexter BD2 Bulldog mutation. She owns Paisley's Pasture, outside the Hill Country hamlet of Pipe Creek. This makes it easier to own more cows per acre of land you own, and they often produce better milk and are much more kind. I bred National quality miniature horses for many years and we would always cull anything that carried "dwarfcharacteristics" as it wasn't the look we wanted, and also came with numerous health problems in many cases. The most common mutation is BD1 (2266_2267ins-GGCA). Some will have this magnitude of problems some will not. The persistently infected (PI carrier) animal is easy to detect. Farm From Home is compensated for referring traffic and business to these companies. It is the abnormal growth of the cartilage and bone. Miniatures may also be chondro positive, meaning they possess the gene that makes their legs shorter.The smaller and shorter the cow, the more desirable it is, Jones said. The cartilaginous skull of lower vertebrates and embryos is known as the chondrocranium. she is adorable. endobj The mutated gene disrupts the normal organization of the chondrocytes, and palisading does not occur. When taking care of them, you will need to keep a good stock of salt blocks and lots of fresh water. Cartilage or cartilaginous. Wally is a seal tipped Chondro Negative HighPark bull. Dwarfism in cattle is a genetic condition created when the calf receives mutated genes from one or both parents. When we started our miniature cattle program Kung Fu panda was the first miniature bull produced that met our expectations. paratuberculosis), a hardy bacterium related to the agents of leprosy and TB.Johne's disease is found worldwide. This breed of cow is brave and cant be scared easily. Their pedigree includes Irish Dexter DNA. It is also possible for cattle to become infected via contact with contaminated fomites, such as water buckets, calf feeders, feed bunks, IV equipment, nose leads, clothing or people and cattle trucks. This pairing carries a 25% risk of producing what is referred to as a bulldog calf (named for it's big headed appearance). Dont wait for the first case of BVD to occur before deciding to vaccinate. Farm From Home is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. Not only do they exist, but they make great pets too. Find Slipping in Garden Items For Sale. What exactly is a bulldog calf? Malacia is a type of abnormal softening of a biological tissue that is most commonly cartilage. They only require half an acre of land, minimum for each animal. HSB Mini Cattle. Micro/Mini Highland. Super docile, gentle, stout, and so handsome. This little shortie heifer is EVERYTHING! Some clinical trials indicate superior protection of the fetus by certain MLV vaccines against some strains of virus. Theyre bigger cousins date back 250 years where their breeding began in Herefordshire, England. Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD) is a disease of cattle caused by the Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV). Persistent infection (PI carrier) only develops in utero, and then only if the dam is exposed to BVDV, at less than 125 days of pregnancy. Cartilage is a cartilaginous material. Meaning: cartilage. He has great hooves and is out of an older John Potter cow that has a lot of depth of body and a beautiful udder even in her later years. Chondro means "grain" or "granular" in medical terms, and it refers to "cartilage" in scientific terms. They'll live out their normal life cycle when How to Care for Baby Ducks Inside: The Complete Guide. *********************************************************************************. These calves are usually aborted. It is best to test calves for persistent infection at birth or as soon as possible thereafter. As time passed, owners found that while they were getting the preferred shortleg type, they continued also to get larger, more normal-looking cattle (known as longleg type), as well as deformed fetuses (later called bulldog calves), and they didnt seem to be able to eliminate these two undesired types. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'farmfromhome_com-large-leaderboard-2','ezslot_7',111,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-farmfromhome_com-large-leaderboard-2-0'); Fun fact about Holstein Cows, they have held the record for milk production for years now, and the world record was set in 2017 when a Holstein cow produced over 78,000 pounds of milk in a year. He has everything that we are looking for and has some of the most colorful calves. Chondro- is a combination form that means cartilage or grain as a prefix. Pregnancy may be detected in cattle and goat samples 28 days post-breeding, 35 days in sheep, and 30 days in bison. Newborn chondro calves normally present with dished faces and loose hips (soft cartilage), which they outgrow (the cartilage firms up to normal), and shorter legs, especially the cannon bones. Chondro osteodystrophy is a type of mucopolysaccharide (such as Hurler syndrome) that is characterized by bone and cartilage disorders. They make wonderful pets and companions, and they are pretty self-sufficient, especially with their own young. There are growth plates on all bones except the cranium. Her birth date is 6/29/2018. In fact,it is quite useful to get the end result we are often looking for, smaller cattle. For more information visit the American Dexter Cattle Association. Super Small Chondro positive Registered Panda Bull. Mode of Inheritance: Incomplete dominance, Alleles: N = Normal/Unaffected, BD1 = Bulldog Dwarfism BD1 mutation, BD2 = Bulldog Dwarfism BD2 mutation, Breeds appropriate for testing: Dexter, Dexter crosses, Miniature Jersey, Miniature Zebu, Miniature Scottish Highland, $25 one test per animal for Dexter BD1 Bulldog Dwarfism They are best known for their superior milk production and their pure bloodline that can be traced back almost 600 years. His small stature, unprecedented hair coat, and impeccable disposition has without a doubt made his mark on our program. They do very well in colder and wetter climates because of this. 40 inches or below (at age 3) some will call a dwarf. It is not a "bad" thing to be avoided. Scotch is a miniature 38" polled highland cross cow and was born in 2019. As an old mountain cattle breed, they are well-adapted to the harsh landscape of Ireland's rocky fields. 2. chondro- , chondrio- ( kon'dr, kon'dr- ), 1. ( ). They tend to eat less feed and graze much more than other cows. Home; About Us; Cattle. This genetically transmitted disorder impacts . The mistake causes a premature stop early in the instruction which nullifies the normal action of the gene. This calf was carried full term. ***** Highland Cattle from the Scottish Highlands gather in a "fold", while other cattle are part of a "herd". In 2021 We will be focusing on retaining a Cesar son to replace him in the future as he moves toward retirement. Here are a few pictures of carrier . This is the Dexter carrier, or the classic original selection. 4 0 obj Sometimes this is just because of an indi- The Dexter originated in southern Ireland during the early 1800s. BVD is currently one of the most costly diseases of cattle. This is the Dexter bulldog, always born dead, hence the genetic designation lethal.. Oh Boy! Kind of like the LWO in horses for those looking for loud frame overo colors, there is no risk if the gene is managed properly. We started with only non-chondro animals but have added a number of chondro carriers over the past three years. Vaccinate with BVD vaccine two weeks prior to moving. Depending on the height they measure to the hip, they will be categorized into one of three categories. They are such social pets that they are sometimes used as animal therapy pets and in petting zoos. Most look like a dwarf, dished face, short legs, large abdomen. The practice of starting the, If you ride another horse, how do you get Shadowmere back? Australian Veterinary Journal, 76, 199-202. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1998.tb10129.x, Cavanagh, J.A., Tammen, I., Windsor, P.A., Bateman, J.F., Savarirayan, R., Nicholas, F.W., & Raadsma, H.W. Congenital joint laxity and dwarfism (CJLD), congenital spinal stenosis, or congenital chondrodystrophy of unknown origin (CCUO), also known as acorn calves, or bulldog calves, is the cause of affected calves. Keep in mind that vaccines do not induce good immunity in heavily stressed or poorly conditioned animals. In medical terms, what does in entail? Miniatures may also be chondro positive, meaning they possess the gene that makes their legs shorter. If any diseases are noted, remove the affected animals immediately, and call the veterinarian to establish a diagnosis and treatment regime. Vaccines are available in two forms - modified live and killed. Does not have the Dexter BD1 Bulldog mutation. Read about the Six Laws of Plant Growth for Food Production. The smaller they are, the more expensive the usually are. and HighPak cowsthatmaintainthemselves on grass/hay alone. Miniature Panda Cows are the more expensive breed of mini cows, but they are cute as a button. To maintain this level of immunity, the modified live vaccine needs to be given at least annually, and the killed vaccine needs to be given every 4-6 months. Only genetic testing can identify the presence of the mutation. In the case where one gene is normal and one gene is mutated, the normal gene works properly but the other genes effect is virtually nil. Micro/Mini High Park, 38 Chondro positive. They can grow to about 200 to 500 pounds and sweetly enough, the mothers carry their babies for nine months, just like humans. Inheritance of Chondrodysplasia: BD1 is an autosomal semi-dominant lethal mutation Johne's disease is a contagious, chronic, and usually fatal infection that affects primarily the small intestine of ruminants. It is always a good idea to seek out a reputable mini cow breeder just to be sure you are actually buying a miniature cow. The average production for a miniature Holstein Cow can produce as much as 2 to 3 gallons of milk a day. Carriers of this gene appear to be much more heavily muscled, but this is because muscle that is designed to attach to a normal bone is actually compressed onto a shortened one, causing the muscle to bulge. Sully is a Gorgeous rare miniature highland double dilute Silver dun bull. Currently, tests for homozygous/heterozygous genes are done for Pulmonary Hypoplasia Anasarca (PHA), Chondrodysplasia, A2 Beta-Casein milk, as well as coat color (red, black, or dun), Tibial Hemimelia (THA) and polled/horned. Those who test will receive test result certificates from Texas A&M, the official ADCA DNA lab. Luckily there are 10 breeds mentioned here that you can choose from. Plus, they are so small and tame that you dont need crazy fencing. For what?. Do not purchase them through an auction market or move them with unknown cattle due to the high risk of exposure to BVDV under these conditions. It is an easy test that involvessending hair samples to the UC Davis lab. Has 2 copies of the Dexter BD2 Bulldog mutation. We are excited to introduce Roan Stone, who we believe to be the most unique and only blue roan Highland bull. Keep in mind that cattle exposed to the virus at less than 125 days of pregnancy may give birth to persistently infected calves. A chondro positive to chondro positive breeding resulting in what is referred to as a Bull Dog Calf. <> Highland/British White . Pandarosa Miniature Ranch will forever be grateful to Kung Fu Panda. And much like a dog in the summer months, they shed their winter coat, so they dont overheat. Monday-Friday: They would do well in a 4-H club as well.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'farmfromhome_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_3',108,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-farmfromhome_com-medrectangle-4-0'); The first thing you should know is that there are different categories of miniature cows. Research by investigators in Australia determined that the bulldog dwarfism in Dexters is caused by two mutations in the aggrecan gene (ACAN). Which root word means cartilage? They would be a good pet to raise around children as well because they are very social and easy to take care of. She loves to get nose to nose and get a neck rub. n b!Q.|?T%YIobG#F# .g+Bf`omm'lzb##X3wDvf(I==w7Pvk` vdH^`Mlu#! Dexter Chondrodysplasia Inheritance: Therefore, it is recommended that all purchased cattle be tested before entering the herd, and all newborn calves be tested. They are usually black, but can sometimes be born dark red or brown. However, since colostral antibodies are effective in preventing infection in young animals, the disease is seldom seen before 3 months of age when management includes adequate feeding of colostrum from immune dams. 42 inches and below (at age 3) is considered a mini. Chondrodysplasia: also referred to asskeletal dysplasias, are heritable skeletal disorders characterized by dwarfism and abnormal body proportions. The degree of dwarfism expressed is not consistent. Cattle Bulldog Dwarfism (Chondrodysplasia) in Dexters Quick Summary Bulldog dwarfism is a lethal genetic defect of Dexter cattle. We test all new cows for this reason. Sheldon is without a doubt one of our favorites. Dan has worked his way to helping Cesar drive our HighPark program forward. And if you do, you might have to pay a pretty hefty price to get one. To show you an example of how much they need to eat, they only need about a third of the standard amount of feed for most mini cows. When abortion is the only sign, diagnosis is often more difficult. There are growth plates on all bones except the cranium. During isolation, administer a booster vaccine, especially if the vaccine history is unclear or if the previous owners vaccine program was inadequate. We are excited to put him to work and see what kind of flashy offspring he can produce. Chondro osteodystrophy is a type of mucopolysaccharide (such as Hurler syndrome) that is characterized by bone and cartilage disorders. A typical slab may, The standard, ISO 8601, according to Wikipedia, specifies that weeks begin with Monday. Chondro- definition: indicating cartilage | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples They make great pets because they are so calm and friendly. Cranio-: The bony vault that protects the brain is known as the cranium, which is the top portion of the skull. What does Ankyl mean on December 2, 2015? He produces tiny hairy babies full of color. Benny is an adorable little compact bull. They often have horns, but there is no telling how large they will be or what shape they will take. Miniature Galloway cow. Other farmers have been known to test the DNA of their cattle before breeding them in order to mitigate passing . For sheep and goat no post kidding claim is given. They are more expensive than their full-size companions but need only a half an acre per mini cow. Zebu Cows are one of the oldest breeds of mini cows. Kind of like the LWO in horses for those looking for loud frameovero colors, there is no risk if the gene is managed properly. Our hairy little cattle arePurebred Highland Cowsor MiniatureHighland Crosses. As long as the mutation was the primary selection criterion, all three types would continue, and Dexters would never breed true. At least 15 business days; may be delayed beyond 15 business days if sample requires additional testing, or a new sample is requested. If pregnant animals recover, they may abort about 2 to 4 weeks after exposure, especially if they are in the second trimester of pregnancy. Both types of vaccines, if administered properly and according to the label, will provide sufficient immunity to prevent the clinical onset of acute BVD. Cold Brew Mini Red HighPark 42" Chondro negative This gentle guy's wild color catches the eye of anyone who visits. Most of my cattle areminiature breeds that have been small for generations (Aberdeen, Hereford, Dexter), but if you are trying to introduce characteristics of slightly larger cattle such as the White Park coloring, or Highland hair in a smaller package, this chondrogene can be very useful. Because people recognize them for their cuteness, these calves can cost as much as $6,500. Your cows can even sometimes produce too much milk, which will bring in extra profit to help pay for their feed and vaccines. To put it to scale, there are under a hundred Panda cattle in the world. Below is an example of thechondrogene in a Highland x Dexter cross. These clinical signsare especially marked if one or more BVDV carriers are in the herd. Has one copy of the Dexter BD2 Bulldog mutation. . The Bulldog trait is known as chondrodysplasia, and it is co-dominant in inheritance. Both forms have their advantages and disadvantages. 10 talking about this. I'm exceptionally proud to have produced her. Expert Answers: adjective. 73`A2~vCt@[A'paUUA! This gentle guys wild color catches the eye of anyone who visits. Though this miniature breed can seem intimidating at first glance, they have a milder and toned-down version of their larger cousins attitude. For example, dwarfism in Angus cattle is caused by a mutation in the GMP dependent, type II protein kinase (PRKG2) gene. Right now the height of our mini cows at the top of thehip is 43 down to a tiny 35 tall. So they sold those five cattle and started over with chondro-positive bulls. In 1974, an Australian study separated 85 Angus cows into 3 groups for some scientific research. Since October of 2015, our herd has grown to over 135 cows and four herd bulls. The chondrocytes simply drift helter-skelter toward the opposite side and get converted as is. When cattle are well vaccinated (as is more common today) and not heavily stressed, the disease is usually much less severe, and often the only visible signs are sporadic abortions and/or repeat breeding. They are also some of the sweetest and most calm breeds of cow you can find.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'farmfromhome_com-large-mobile-banner-2','ezslot_13',120,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-farmfromhome_com-large-mobile-banner-2-0'); The mini Lowline Angus stands at around 43 inches tall and can weigh up to 1,200 pounds. On the right of the page is a "bull dog" calf. Only one shot is required thereafter at 4 to 6 month intervals. Pounder is the most impressive miniature Highland bull we have set our eyes on. Dr. Cavanagh found that when she averaged the heights of the cows and bulls with and without chondrodysplasia that formed her database, there was an overall average difference between carriers and non-carriers of five and one-half inches in cows and eight inches in bulls. Farmer Jones is a responsible breeder and tests all his babies since he breeds Chondro positive cattle. One positive sign for Ethereum is that people are still trading billions of dollars in assets despite high transaction costs. If you decide to get one as a pet with the added benefit of milk, you could get up to a gallon of milk a day. It is not a "bad" thing to be avoided. Their milk could actually make you a profit, enough to replace what you spend in feed and more. Has 2 copies of the Dexter BD1 Bulldog mutation. It is not yet known what gene causes the two differences.There is nothing that I can find in the research that would indicate that this gene would positively influence the breed by adding it to the genetic pool of the Highlands. An advantage of modified live BVD vaccines is that they stimulate the entire immune system (both cell- mediated and humoral immunity). If you decide to get a Dexter cow for their milk, you can even bribe them with grain and pellet. He is a high percent miniature highland that we use in our Panlander program. Affected fetuses have severe disproportionate dwarfism, a short vertebral column, a large head, and are naturally aborted around seven months of gestation. The incubation period is about three to five days. They only eat about 30% of the standard amount of feed, which means less to clean up and just enough fertilizer for your family garden. Lil Bit Lil Bit Lil Bit. Phenotype: Affected fetuses have severe disproportionate dwarfism, a short vertebral column,a large head, and are naturally aborted around the seventh month of gestation. The result is most visible in long bone growth because there are growth plates at both ends of those bones, which doubles the effect. Chondrocytes are shaped rather like playing cards. Can breeding Chondro positive cattle be done responsibility? They are most comfortable in warmer weather, so if you have one in a colder climate, you will have to keep them warm. Chrondroplasia is a form of dwarfism. Sadly, it also leads to death. Mares; Stallions; Foals; Sales; Sheep. The Midsommar script, which states Simon is breathing, confirms this. That is just how these cows are born. They have horns, and to give you a reference, they look a lot like Hellboys horns from the movie. They reproduce quickly and can start as early as 2 or 3 years old. Affected fetus. endobj BVDV infection is diagnosed on the basis of the clinical signs plus confirmation through necropsy findings and laboratory tests of blood samples. Do not allow carriers on the farm. The smaller and shorter the cow, the more desirable it is, Jones said. This site was created for the showcase of miniature cattle (measuring 42" or less at age 3) and micro miniature cattle. Robert M. Save This Word! LEt|$+$HqHV'@yyNZE\xv2+_R%G @vGa .4=\2[M7;]C KM[U HGZ M4bRjqL|Iu 07tgNP0Ri5jx_]b.t ({ The costs for various DNA tests in cattle vary based on the type of test(s) being performed, the company and the number of animals being tested. Chondrodysplasia, or achondroplasia, is a type of osteochondrodysplasia where the dog's bones don't grow to their potential size. Watch for many of his babies this coming year. And if you want to breed and start a little family of cows, it wont be too difficult with a mini Scottish Highland. New listings: MoJack EZ Lawn Mower Lift (ATV's too) - $90 (Gray GA), Dexter bred cow/calf pair for sale - $750 (Ozark AR) Base Prices are as followed : Highland / Highpark Micro Heifer $10,000+ Micro Steer $6,000+ Mini/Midsized Heifer $7,500+ Mini/Midsized Steer $3,000+ Bull contact for pricing Belted Galloway Theyre cousins, the full-sized Holstein stands at about 58 inches in height. If you decide to buy one, keep in mind that they are often cheaper as babies because the grown Zebu often shows potential for profit. . Email jessicapodany@gmail.com with any questions. We love the chondro gene. The Chondro gene, short for CHONDRODYSPLASIA,is what gives some Dexter cattle their short legged stature. They are sometimes called the lazy mans cattle because they are extremely self-sufficient and resistant to disease. All of these breeds have their own quirks and they are all different in their own ways. His phenomenal show confirmation set our course in the miniature cattle business and assisted in trademarking our own breed. This pairing carries a 25% risk of producing what is referred to as a bulldog calf (named for it's big headed appearance). They have that short and stocky look about them. Highland Cattle from the Scottish Highlands gather in a fold. The defect is a major problem for Dexter breeders, as one copy of the defective allele produces the short-legged phenotype of Dexter cattle. There is a rare genetic trait in miniature cattle known as the bulldog gene, which is a rare genetic trait found in miniature cattle. They are known to live long and healthy lives as long as they are well taken care of. Just keep in mind that to buy one, you will need to fork over up to a whopping $30,000. His long heavy hair coat and perfect Panda coloring are utilized in our embryo program to develop the perfect colorful fuzzy little friends. Since exposure to BVDV from any source can result in a cow giving birth to a BVDV carrier, one can never be sure an animal is not a carrier until it tests negative. So, the miniature breed is substantially smaller. -chondr/o is the root. A herd of white miniature dexters is the most desirable. About Our Breeding Stock. Isolate all new arrivals (purchased or your own heifers) for two to three weeks in a well-ventilated area, away from the rest of the herd, yet close enough to permit frequent checking for any signs of disease. They can weigh anywhere between 350 to a whopping 800 pounds. What is small, you ask? The normal gene results in the organization of chondrocytes into hundreds of chains or columns, edge to edge (called palisading). From farm to home, if you plan to care for baby ducks inside (or even if you plan to move them to an outdoor pen later), there is a lot of information to collect. What does Malacia entail? Though they are extremely easy to take care of, miniature cows can live a very long and plentiful life. In these cases it is important for your veterinarian to submit the aborted fetus and placenta, in addition to serum samples from the dam, to the laboratory for testing. Their milk is perfect for making cheese and cream as well. Funnily enough, Lowline Angus was bred accidentally. Occasionally an animal will die very quickly, before other signs are apparent. In medical terms, what does cranio mean? Dexter cattle have a unique genetic mutation that causes defective bone growth. So, you would have to worry less about losing a baby to this terrible mutation. These calves, if not removed from the herd, will serve as a continuous source of the virus that will perpetuate the disease in the herd. Carol has given you good feedback. My questions is, now that it is an acceptable breeding practice, how do you get the genie back in the bottle. What does the word Chondro mean when it comes to combining forms? Does Tom Holland Spider-Man have super strength? Every calf is a new throw of the dice. But are they as healthy as the average five-year-old toddler? This certificate will serve as evidence to cattle buyers and consumers that animals, milk, and meat from this herd have a value-added component in the form of reduced risk for both cattle diseases and foodborne pathogens. What does Chondro mean in cattle? They may be too dangerous for small children to be around. They can produce young all the way up into their late teens, and once they have them, they make wonderful and protective parents. And these raisers typically commingle heifers from many farms before they are returned home to the milking herd. They only need about a half of an acre each to live comfortably. Miniature Cattle Dwarfism Miniature cattle are small cattle with BD. It wasnt long before these animals were being exported to England, and cattle in England that had the same traits were added to the gene pool. something as a baby and lost the tip of her right ear. 2. ), seed, groats, gristle, cartilage (this sense perhaps from the gritty texture of cartilage when chewed)," of uncertain origin She is about 33" at the point of the hip measured with a proper measuring stick with a built in level. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'farmfromhome_com-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_12',119,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-farmfromhome_com-large-mobile-banner-1-0'); These little beasts can grow to be a max of 45 inches, though many stay smaller. Thus it is still possible to occasionally have BVDV induced abortions and/or persistently infected calves in a vaccinated herd exposed to a field strain of BVD. How do you get Shadowmere back if you ride another horse. The Zebu cows have very friendly characteristics and often make good pets. How many square feet can you get out of a slab of granite?

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