how does flak ammunition work

(U.S. Navy) It even potentially saved the life of one of its creators, Dr. Van Allen. Listed is also some of the guns captured from other countries and used by the German armed forces. When the reflected signal was in phase, the oscillator amplitude would increase and the oscillator's plate current would also increase. These included planar electrodes and packing the components in wax and oil to equalize the stresses. Flak in the Second World War was very effective. [9], Some explosive projectiles, such as high-explosive incendiary bullets, contain an incendiary charge intended to ignite explosives within the shell.[9]. All ammunition types are produced at Factories or Mass Production Factories. As these projects moved from development into prototype form in the late 1930s, Butement turned his attention to other concepts, and among these was the idea of a proximity fuse: Into this stepped W. A. S. Butement, designer of radar sets CD/CHL and GL, with a proposal on 30 October 1939 for two kinds of radio fuze: (1) a radar set would track the projectile, and the operator would transmit a signal to a radio receiver in the fuze when the range, the difficult quantity for the gunners to determine, was the same as that of the target and (2) a fuze would emit high-frequency radio waves that would interact with the target and produce, as a consequence of the high relative speed of target and projectile, a Doppler-frequency signal sensed in the oscillator.[24]. This article focuses on which ammo to select in a given . This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Although flak jackets offered some basic protection against small caliber bullets and shell fragments (which was valued by their users), ultimately they proved to be less effective than hoped. One may use a timed fuse in the shell. Finally the shot would be grabbed by the "grabbing things" (the heck are they called) you see on the moving barrel. The US found that flak that was high generally caused some damage to bombers but was far less likely to shoot them down than flak that was low. The device described in World War II patent[63] works as follows: The shell contains a micro-transmitter which uses the shell body as an antenna and emits a continuous wave of roughly 180220MHz. The 3.7 cm Flak 18/36/37/43 was a series of anti-aircraft cannon produced by Nazi Germany that saw widespread service in the Second World War. Same principle is used for special types of shrapnel ammo in the Carl Gustav recoilless rifle. British tests were then carried out with "unrotated projectiles," in this case rockets. Flak came into English as an abbreviation for the German word Fliegerabwehrkanone, meaning aircraft-defense gun. [14][15][16] Adm. Lewis L. Strauss wrote that, .mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}, One of the most original and effective military developments in World War II was the proximity, or 'VT', fuze. Sign upfor our newsletterhere. A 155mm artillery fuze with selector for point/proximity detonation (currently set to proximity). Welcome to the WWII Forums! document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Saturday NatSec Roundup - Lawyers, Guns & Money. Wooden precise replica of the German 88mm anti-aircraft FlaK guns and Tiger-I ammunition - 8.8cm Sprgr.Patr. They were widely used by Germany throughout the war. What does cholera look like under a microscope? All aircraft were susceptible to flak. Entering service in 1965, the Leopard 1 is one of the most famous tanks of the Cold War and Modern Era. The Flak 88 was a legendary WWII-era anti-air and an anti-tank gun used by Nazi Germany and their allies.Jul 22, 2018, Four were the different FlaKs produced and improved from 1933 until the end of WWII, 8.8 cm. Definitions of flak . The old man was a Vietnam vet and happened to be a gunner of said Flak guns. Berlin has repeatedly lobbied Bern to shift policy after requests for permission to send Ukraine Swiss-made ammunition acquired by Germany decades ago were denied. This is the standard high-explosive type ordnance initially designed for the German 88mm FlaK cannons in the early period of WW2, and then successfully used by the later tank KwK.36 cannons too, in the period 1933-45. Flash Sale. They were not nearly as effective at puncturing bomber aircraft as armor-piercing bullets, but were far more effective than standard bullets because they could also ignite fuel if they came into contact with a fuel tank or pipeline. Why choose humask pro masks?Why choose humask pro masks? This is due to the same effect. Like other Turrets, Periscopes are typically used to aim and fire Coilguns. Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Russian Air Power* (*But Were Afraid to Ask) with Guy Plopsky: Part 1- How good is Russian air forcetraining? Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. The NDRC research highlighted the speed of sound as a major limitation in the design and use of acoustic fuzes, particularly in relation to missiles and high-speed aircraft. Its price point is 75 cents per round and its bullet weight is between 147 and 175 grains. Trenches and firing pits and broken ground / shell holes provide decent cover against metal fragments from explosives that blow up when hitting the ground. AA guns are actually rather effective against soft ground targets, too. [26][27], Looking for a short-term solution to the valve problem, in 1940 the British ordered 20,000 miniature tubes from Western Electric Company and Radio Corporation of America that were intended for use in hearing aids. [11] [12] Over 100 American companies were mobilized to build some 20 million shell fuzes. Another, is a barometric fuse, a fuse that's triggered when a certian altitude is reach by measuring air pressure. Measures 1 5/8 inches wide by 2 1/8 inches tall. Press J to jump to the feed. Answer (1 of 7): > how and why does a plane still go down if the flak missed? [31] Tuve claimed that despite being pleased by the outcome of the Butement et al. The Flakpanzer 341 is armed with 2 37mm FlaK 44 cannons side by side in the turret. Both are surrounded by an oval oak leaf wreath. [9], Given their previous work on radio and radiosondes at NBS, Diamond and Hinman developed the first all solid-state[when? Fuzes of this type can be defeated by degaussing, using non-metal hulls for ships (especially minesweepers) or by magnetic induction loops fitted to aircraft or towed buoys. The guns have a fire rate of 250 shots per minute each, which gives a shot per second value of about 4 per gun. Why dont we use flak on people. Influence firing mechanisms often use a combination of acoustic and magnetic induction receivers. Some sectioned shells from the First World War. But when the reflected signal was out of phase then the combined radio signal amplitude would decrease, which would decrease the plate current. Their first project was a revival of their original work on coast defense, but they were soon told to start a second project to develop a range-only radar to aid anti-aircraft guns.[23]. Marines christened their new recruit "Reckless" for the work she would do in resupplying recoilless rifles, known as "reckless rifles" in Marine jargon. Indeed, even before the kamikaze appeared the US Navy made major improvement to their ships AA defenses with better radar direction, improved AA directors and gunsights and most importantly, more guns. When the Allies began to use the term is not known. The result was a heterodyne beat frequency which corresponded to the velocity difference. What is the meaning of the word swappable? [10] These included acoustic fuzes triggered by engine sound, one based on electrostatic fields developed by Rheinmetall Borsig, and radio fuzes. A minor problem encountered by the British was that the fuze was sensitive enough to detonate the shell if it passed too close to a seabird and a number of seabird "kills" were recorded. How many shells are fired to down an aircraft? Welcome to WWII Forums! It does not store any personal data. (LogOut/ Additionally, this Quora page has a lot of good info and graphics explaining the use and necessity of this same fragmentation principle in air-to-air and surface-to-air missiles. As the missile cruises towards its target the laser energy simply beams out into space. By April 1945 44 percent of the flak arm was made up of people unqualified for combat, foreign nationals or prisoners of war.. I think the TF2 Engineer summed it up perfectly: "How am I going to stop some big mean mother hubbard from tearing me a structurally superfluous new behind? A proximity fuze (or fuse) is a fuze that detonates an explosive device automatically when the distance to the target becomes smaller than a predetermined value. View Coupon. Though deadly, the effective range of these bullets was only 350 yards (320 m), as the phosphorus charge burned quickly. Anointed item effects are usually activated for a short time at the end of the action skill duration. [41] In addition to extreme acceleration, artillery shells were spun by the rifling of the gun barrels to close to 30,000 rpm, creating immense centrifugal force. [46] Captain S. R. Shumaker, Director of the Bureau of Ordnance's Research and Development Division, coined the term to be descriptive without hinting at the technology. Protective vests called flak jackets were first used in World War II; the word flak comes from the abbreviated form of the German word Flugabwehrkanone, a type of antiaircraft gun. . Coilguns shoot high velocity bolts that deal damage to anything they hit. Soviet artillery and tanks weren't able to penetrate the huge concrete tower, allowing the Germans to keep shooting. If either is wrong, then even accurately aimed shells may explode harmlessly before reaching the target or after passing it. Thank you. 50 Rounds of 124gr MC 9mm Ammo by Remington. Thus the shell does not have to hit the aircraft just be relatively close. 8,8 cm Kw K 36 (L/56) Information about the 8,8 cm Kw K 35 (L/56). Thanks for reading my nosense about the flak cannon. As the saying goes, the more flak that's incoming, the more certain you can be that you are over the target. [50] Once inspections of the finished product were complete, a sample of the fuzes produced from each lot was shipped to the National Bureau of Standards, where they were subjected to a series of rigorous tests at the specially built Control Testing Laboratory. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". How did flak guns work in WW2? This wiki is dedicated to providing easy access to information on core mechanics of the mod, as well as information on weapons, ammunition and more. [68], During WW2, pressure activated fuzes were developed for sticks (or trains) of bombs to create above ground airbursts. "Eco-Friendly Biodegradable & Compostable Packaging Solution" current temperature near mysuru, karnataka; is mondo guerra still designing clothes Several ideas had been considered, including optical systems that shone a light, sometimes infrared, and triggered when the reflection reached a certain threshold, various ground-triggered means using radio signals, and capacitive or inductive methods similar to a metal detector. The B Mark VI incendiary bullets were first issued in June 1940 and tested operationally in the Hawker Hurricane and Supermarine Spitfire in the air battles over Dunkirk. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. A Fearsome Feline. Focused: Has a tighter spread for focusing far-away enemies or tight groups. Flak Ammo is a type of bullet that spreads in flight, making it good for medium-ranged combat. The .308 is the most preferred caliber for snipers all over the world. [35][36] On 6 May 1941, the NBS team built six fuzes which were placed in air-dropped bombs and successfully tested over water. Tracer bullets contain a substance that burns and gives off light, aiding the gunner in aiming. 31. A ship's propeller rotating in water produces a powerful hydroacoustic noise which can be picked up using a hydrophone and used for homing and detonation. The blast from the first bomb was used to trigger the fuze of the second bomb which would explode above ground and in this turn would detonate the third bomb with the process repeated all the way till the last bomb in the string. "[27][30] As Tuve understood, the circuitry of the fuze was rudimentary. Acoustic proximity fuzes are actuated by the acoustic emissions from a target (example an aircraft's engine or ship's propeller). <br /> The proximity fuze makes the problem simpler than the previous methods. No wonder they abbreviated it.). This is due to the same effect. Because that flak did not actually "miss." By means of its fuzing, it exploded close enough to the aircraft to send an unseen shower of a thousand metal fragments flying out of it and into the aircraft. Is Wolfram|Alpha just an online equation solver. Life on Royal Navy aircraft carrier(1960), Hush-Kit Joe talking 10 favouriteaircraft, The case for the P-47 Thunderbolt being the greatest fighter of the Second WorldWar, The Republic P-47 Thunderbolt MafiaFamily, 10 things you need to know about the P-47Thunderbolt. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Flak can refer to criticism or worse, explosive shells from an antiaircraft weapon. Working with Western Electric Company and Raytheon Company, miniature hearing-aid tubes were modified to withstand this extreme stress. Although not intended to start fires, tracer bullets can have a mild incendiary effect. An example of flak is the exploding ammunition that can damage a military plane when flying over enemy territory. The Germans used flak guns against the 82nd and allied infantry during the battles in the Ardenne. One of them was an anti-aircraft shell that had spring-loaded wings that would pop out and slice through enemy aircraft. Vote! The 128mm FlaK 40 was one of the largest anti-aircraft weapon systems employed by the Germans in World War 2. Step 1: Loading. [60] German divisions were caught out in open as they had felt safe from timed fire because it was thought that the bad weather would prevent accurate observation. The 20mm caliber is a specific size of cannon or autocannon ammunition. How effective was it in WW2? The 3D kit is a Sondernhnger Sd. The most common type of shell contains shotround pellets of lead or steelinstead . The cannon was fully automatic and effective against aircraft flying at altitudes up to 4,200 m. The cannon was produced in both towed and self-propelled versions. A particularly successful application was the 90mm shell with VT fuze with the SCR-584 automatic tracking radar and the M-9 electronic fire control computer. "[32], A key improvement was introduced by Lloyd Berkner, who developed a system using separate transmitter and receiver circuits. Many postwar histories accepted the testimony of leading figures within the Luftwaffe that ground based AA defences achieved limited success in destroying Allied bombers.Mar 25, 2021. Making the right shell for your gun's role and gauge can be difficult as the sheer number of options is staggering. This causes a small cycling of the radiated power and consequently the oscillator supply current of about 200800Hz, the Doppler frequency. But an explosion ABOVE is often lethal since those kinds of cover don't have roofs. The most developmentally advanced of the German acoustic fuze designs was the Rheinmetall-Borsig Kranich (German for Crane) which was a mechanical device utilizing a diaphragm tone filter sensitive to frequencies between 140 and 500Hz connected to a resonating vibratory reed switch used to fire an electrical igniter. By 1942 the standard loading for fixed .303s was half loaded with AP and half with incendiary bullets. Facing flak over 'RSS illiterate' remark, Kumar Vishwas issues clarification,In a video, Kumar Vishwas said that he was talking about a boy who works in his office and, coincidentally, is also an RSS worker. The story of flak in World War II is one of those forgotten stories of World War II. When an 88mm projectile exploded at altitude, it sent out jagged metal fragments that tore through nearby aircraft. Pre-order The Hush-Kit Book of Warplaneshere. Flak, or Fliegerabwehrkanone, works by arming artillery class cannons for the use of Anti-Air duties. The United States Navy accepted that failure rate. . In mid-November 1939, a German neon lamp tube and a design of a prototype proximity fuze based on capacitive effects was received by British Intelligence as part of the Oslo Report. [67] [68]. Flak as we know it ( the exploding ordinance variety ) works by using fuses. . Not FLAK in particular but I wanted to clear up a bit about fragmentation shells in general. Work on the radio shell fuze was completed by Tuve's group, known as Section T, at The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Lab (APL). After that a fresh shot could be positioned in a more favorable position by possibly a telescopic actuator using the gas compressed previously. How doesit compare with fighter interceptors for effectiveness? The bullets were at first scarce, and as a result, a mix of ball, AP, Mk IV incendiary tracer and Mk VI incendiary were used until production increased to sufficient levels. Please see ooredoo . Before then, they always return false. Notes. Indeed when you compare these numbers to the more effective 128mm AA gun the numbers are intriguing. Image courtesy the German Federal Archive. I suppose some of how a flak battery worked will be in the book but I became interested after seeing site/foundations for a flak battery which still existed in a park in my home town. It is possible that this is a mistake by the author of the report, and that his is intended to refer to limbered guns . hospital valet job description how does flak ammunition work. The flak also blew up the trees, which created additional deadly shrapnel. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Cheney_hunting_incident. This film provides an in-depth look at the weapons and methods of Ger. Explain Like I'm Five is the best forum and archive on the internet for layperson-friendly explanations. Design of the type began as early as 1936 under the charge of the Rheinmetall-Borsig concern and then known as the "Gerat 40", intended as an in-the-field gun system for the German Army. The reverse side is maker marked 'A' for the manufacturing firm of Assmann. Ammunition available: HE-T, HE-I, HEI-T, AP-T, Minengescho, Stielgranate [64] [65], 120mm HE mortar shell fitted with proximity fuze, 120mm HE mortar shell fitted with M734 proximity fuze, 60mm HE mortar shell fitted with proximity fuze. Magnetic sensing can only be applied to detect huge masses of iron such as ships. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. While no one invention won the war, the proximity fuze must be listed among the very small group of developments, such as radar, upon which victory very largely depended. The famous flak gun became one of the most feared anti-tank weapons of the Second World War, serving everywhere from the sands of North Africa to the snowy wastelands of the Russian front. Due to the increase of people asking what kind of shell they should use with their gun that has X and Y stats, here is a guide to help you pick. Anointed items can only spawn as world drops for a character that has completed the main story. Exiting that black smoke is the invisible shrapnel that will hit the aircraft. The Japanese did not develop a robust AA defensive system. As Flak existed in the twentieth century, no, however, a modern equivalent of the radar guided air defense gun is deployed widely by all major militaries. For sale: 88mm - $100,000 - $150,000. Log in or Sign up to interact with the community. Pilots were permitted to deploy them against only zeppelins and balloons. At the beginning of the war, the first British gun-laying Mark I (GL I) radars entered service with several AA batteries. Each gun, usually of 88mm caliber, could project a shell to 20,000ft and could knock out an aircraft within 30 yards of the shell burst. After so many seconds, the shell would detonate like a times bomb. Copyrights 2023 All Rights Reserved by Scientific Know-How Inc. Vote! All of these earlier methods have disadvantages. fine for not having a boat licence qld; cherokee brick products ][clarification needed] radio doppler proximity fuze, which employed the Doppler effect of reflected radio waves using a diode detector arrangement that they devised. Well, it's been 5 years and the devs STILL haven't been able to match/list what ammunition fits which weapons in the constructor or on the description, so once again we need to rely on each other to do what they can . unopened, unused, Kit: UPC: : Does not apply . What are Lock Patterns for Android phones? Flash Sale. After so many seconds, the shell would detonate like a times bomb. In December 1940, Tuve invited Harry Diamond and Wilbur S. Hinman, Jr, of the United States National Bureau of Standards (NBS) to investigate Berkner's improved fuze and develop a proximity fuze for rockets and bombs to use against the German Luftwaffe. It must be remembered that Flak defences were designed, not to shoot bombers down, but to force them to drop their loads from a higher altitude and thus reduce their accuracy. The return signal is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the distance. Flak is defined as the bursting shells shot at aircraft from enemy guns on the ground, or criticism or opposition. Proximity fusing is used on several types of ordinance to cause an airburst and greatly increase lethality against soft targets. Ignition is often delayed by varying means until after impact. For smaller artillery, anything except a direct hit often killed very few or nobody if the soldiers were in cover. Each pocket could carry 1 en bloc clip with 8 rounds for the M1 Rifle or 2 stripper clips with 5 rounds for the M1903 rifle. The tank chosen was Germany's own Leopard Main Battle Tank (MBT). Automatic fuze setters were used as an 88 could fire 15-20 shells per minute and even the 128mm could manage 12 per minute. It uses Advanced Sniper Bullet for ammo. Our aviation shop ishereand our Twitter account here@Hush_Kit. Models & Kits; Military; Dnepro Model DM3518-1/35 German 88mm FLAK 36 ammo ammo box scale model kit. US $63.98. Each unit has its own specified abilities and stats. It is used in mines and torpedoes. Used for example when the enemy is situated out of the line-of-sight in a trench or behind a mound. The US repeated it for N. Korea and N. Vietnam but failed again ( a whole another story) so luckily its not an era we will see again. Empyrion - Galactic Survival > General Discussions > Topic Details. Work was split in 1942, with Tuve's group working on proximity fuzes for shells, while the National Bureau of Standards researchers focused on the technically easier task of bombs and rockets. A simulated battle conditions test was started on 12 August 1942.

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